1972 Martial Law
Juan Ponce Enrile, 16 June 2021
Much of what had been said against the 1972 Martial Law was fiction.
President Marcos became president of the country in 1965. The United States and
the Soviet Union were locked in a bitter Cold War. And the communist ideology
went on a rampage and set the world ablaze.
The Philippines was not spared. Two insurgencies were organized in the
country in 1968. The CPP-NPA in Luzon and the Moro National Liberation Front
(MNLF) in Mindanao. These insurgencies were on top of ongoing Datu Maffallen,
Datu Mampatilan, Datu Mabbalao, and Ilaga rebellions there. Beyond these were
also the heavily armed political warlords in many parts of the country. Such
was the status of law and order in the land at that time.
The CPP-NPA and the Moro National Liberation Front were organized by
three young men: Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Nur Misuari, and Jose Maria
Sison. These three were former students in the University of the Philippines.
They were allegedly supported by a country in East Asia that wanted to keep the
Philippines busy.
The AFP then - which included the Philippine Constabulary - was a
military force of some 48, 000 men and women. Its combat weapons were Cal. 30
M1 Garand and Cal. 30 M1 Carbine rifles that the United States used in World
War II.
The CPP-NPA was armed with copies of Cal. 7.62mm U.S. M14 rifles, P-40
rocket launchers, mortars, and other lethal explosive devices imported from red
China. The MNLF was armed with modern European guns from Belgium.
The CPP-NPA and MNLF recruitment was quick and extensive. The CPP-NPA
for one penetrated all sectors of society: youth, students, teachers, academe.
colleges, universities, churches, professional and intellectual groups, media,
labor, farmers, fishermen, transport systems, urban and rural poor. Both also
targeted the military for recruitment.
The NPA started its violence in Metro Manila and Central Luzon.
Initially, its headquarters was in Hacienda Luisita in Tarlac. It built a
labyrinth of underground tunnels in the town of Capas. It terrorized the
countryside and murdered those that resisted it. During the national election
in 1969, about August or September, the NPA massacred twelve laborers in
barangay Sta. Lucia outside Clark Air Base.
In January, 1970, while President Marcos was delivering his SONA in Congress,
the CPP barricaded the old Congress building on P. Burgos Street in Manila. It
trapped President Marcos, his family, Senators, congressmen, Cabinet members,
Supreme Court Justices, ambassadors, diplomats, other political and religious
dignitaries, and leading business leaders inside the Congress building.
A day or two after, CPP elements stormed Malacañang, burned a hospital
there, threatened the presidential residence. President Marcos had to evacuate
his family to his presidential (yacht) in Manila Bay.
With the help of barrio self defense units that it organized in Central
Luzon, the AFP was able to dislodge the NPA from there. It pushed them north to
Isabela in the Cagayan Valley. And from there the NPA spread to Region IV in
the south to the Bicol region to the Visayan Islands, and to Mindanao.
Meanwhile, in Metro Manila, the communists continued their destructive
work. First, they bombed the Joint US Military Advisory Group (JUSMAG)
headquarters in Quezon City. They bombed the Liberal Party rally at Plaza
Miranda during the political campaign in August, 1971. Several people were
killed. Many were injured. Senator Jovito Salonga, among others, suffered
severe wounds on different parts of his body. He nearly became blind.
From 1970 to 1972, metropolitan Manila suffered weekly bombing. The
communist insurgents bombed Oil firms, pipelines of water utilities, Meralco
electric power systems, public and private buildings, business structures,
public and private markets. Even the US Embassy was not spared. So were the
Food Terminal Market, the Arca building, the Filipinas Orient Airways, the
Court of Industrial Relations, the Philippine-American Life Insurance Company,
to mention some of many.
Massive labor and transport strikes were mounted. The communists tried
to isolate and paralyze Metro-Manila. SLEX and NLEX were not existing yet then.
One of the transport strikes created a traffic jam that stretched from Los
Baños in Laguna to Manila.
The communists also captured UP Diliman in Quezon City. They established
a Communist Commune there under Erickson Baculinao as Chairman. For several
weeks UP Diliman was off limits. No one could go in and out of the place.
Permission from the Commune was required. UP President Salvador Lopez became a
virtual prisoner in his university. One person was shot and killed in that
incident.
In July, 1972, Defense Minister General Maraden Panggabean of Indonesia
was my official guest in Manila. When he observed what was going on in the
country, he said in one of our conversations: "You know, Johnny, what I
noticed about your country reminds of what happened to us in Indonesia during
the communist trouble there. Be careful!"
The final straw that broke the camel's back came from Ninoy Aquino
himself. In August, 1972, Ninoy asked me for an urgent meeting. I met him in
Urdaneta Village in Maketi in the house of Ramon Siy Lay, our common friend.
His brother Paul Aquino was with him. He told me that he met leaders of the
CPP, and they discussed a coalition between the CPP and the Liberal Party
should President Marcos declare Martial Law.
I made a written report of that meeting to President Marcos. When
President Marcos informed the public about what I reported to him, Ninoy denied
that he met me. President Marcos invited the Liberal Party leaders to
Malacañang for meeting with him, but the Liberal Party leaders refused to
attend. This incident made up the mind of President Marcos. history was made.
He proclaimed Martial Law throughout the land.
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